This was exposing a forgery.
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The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife: Evidence of Modern Forgery
A reference with sources and citations. Warning: this document contains spoilers.
For use with Ariel Sabar’s Veritas: A Harvard Professor, a Con Man and the Gospel of Jesus’s Wife.
[last update: August 17, 2020]
OVERVIEW
Historians and literary scholars use a wide variety of evidence to decide whether a newfound manuscript is authentic or fake. In the case of a papyrus fragment known as “The Gospel of Jesus’s Wife,” internationally renowned scholars in a number of disciplines have concluded on multiple grounds that the manuscript is a fake. They believe that a modern forger wrote the Coptic text on a pre-cut scrap of genuinely ancient, probably Egyptian papyrus, using a soot-based ink as easy to make today as it was in antiquity.
How was it done? The strongest evidence suggests that the text is a patchwork of phrases “cut and paste” from an easily accessible online typescript of the apocryphal Gospel of Thomas. A retired computer programmer in Michigan had typed up an “interlinear” Coptic-English translation and posted it as a PDF to his popular Gospel of Thomas website in November 2002. Scholars believe that a forger with a basic grasp of Coptic downloaded the PDF, cherry-picked phrases from it, and used it to say something new that sounded like something old. The PDF has unique typographical errors in Coptic that are reproduced in the “ancient handwriting” of the Jesus’s Wife papyrus; it also has unique English translation errors that recur in the English translation that came with the Wife papyrus. The presence of one-of-a-kind errors in two languages that trace to a single online source are powerful evidence of the forgery’s 21st-century source material.
The forgery is thought to have been done sometime between that November 2002 date and July 2010, when the papyrus’s owner—a German immigrant and former Egyptology student named Walter Fritz— first emailed photos of it to Harvard Divinity School professor Dr. Karen King.
A case for forgery is often multidisciplinary. If done well, it draws on expertise ranging from handwriting examination, linguistic analysis, and historical research to microscopic imaging, laboratory studies, and investigations of provenance, or ownership history. Rarely is a single piece of evidence enough to deem a manuscript authentic or fake. But when many kinds of evidence point in the same direction—a phenomenon experts call “consilience”—scholars gain confidence in their conclusions.
For readers who want a deeper look, here is a detailed breakdown of some of the key pieces of evidence, along with sources and citations. Note: If you have not yet read Veritas, you may want to stop here, as this list contains a number of spoilers.
HANDWRITING …
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS ANCIENT WRITERS WOULD NOT MAKE …
THOROUGHGOING EVIDENCE OF COPYING FROM ONLINE 2002 PDF OF THE GOSPEL OF THOMAS …
INK APPLICATION …
CARBON-14 DATE …
PAPYRUS’S CHOICE OF WORDS FOR “MY WIFE” IS UNPRECEDENTED IN DOCUMENTED HISTORY …
GOSPEL OF JESUS’ WIFE HAS SAME HANDWRITING AS FRITZ’S FAKE GOSPEL OF JOHN FRAGMENT …
BLANK SPACES AT ENDS OF LINES 3 AND 6 SHOULDN’T BE THERE …
THOUGH THE PAPYRUS’S SHORT LINES ARE SUPPOSED TO LOOK LIKE RANDOM SENTENCE FRAGMENTS FROM THE MIDDLE OF SOME UNKNOWN PAGE, EACH LINE EXPRESSES A SURPRISINGLY FULL THOUGHT …
ALL FORGERIES IN THE ORBIT OF WALTER FRITZ EMPLOY THE SAME “CUT AND PASTE” M.O., WHETHER “ANCIENT” PAPYRI OR MODERN LETTERS AND DIPLOMAS …
KEY WORDS “MY WIFE” ARE SPOTLIGHTED …
STATEMENTS & ALLEGED ACTIONS BY WALTER FRITZ …
ALIGNMENT WITH SKILLS, LIFESTYLE, AGENDAS OF WALTER FRITZ AND HIS WIFE …
PROVENANCE STORY TOLD BY FRITZ DOESN’T WITHSTAND SCRUTINY …
DR. KAREN KING BELIEVED PAPYRUS WAS A FAKE FROM THE START, BEFORE CHANGING HER MIND. NOW SHE AGAIN BELIEVES IT’S A PROBABLE FAKE. …,
THE FEW SCHOLARS WHO ONCE CONSIDERED THE PAPYRUS AUTHENTIC NO LONGER DO …
THE HARVARD THEOLOGICAL REVIEW’S PEER REVIEW PROCESS WAS MARRED BY UNDISCLOSED CONFLICTS OF INTEREST THAT APPEAR TO HAVE VIOLATED THE ETHICS POLICY OF ITS PUBLISHER …