What ethical beliefs are not commonly thought to deserve punishment if violated?
1. Do violations of individual, not culturally shared, ethical beliefs such as an individual’s ethical vegetarianism deserve punishment?
Yes. If the individual violates their own moral code (such as by eating meat) then the individual will commonly feel guilt and shame. (Guilt and shame are self-punishment emotions selected for in our ancestors based on the increased benefits of cooperation they could access.) The individual may not feel that non-vegetarians deserve punishment, but, YES, they will feel that they themselves have acted immorally and therefore deserve the guilt and shame (the punishment) felt.
2. Does not sharing ethical beliefs about the goals of cooperation such as eudemonia or well-being (such as forms of utilitarianism and virtue ethics) deserve punishment?
No. Imagine someone who is a reliable cooperator for specific shared goals (which describes most people) but who does not share an ultimate goal of maximizing the well-being of all people (a utilitarianism ethical claim). Will utilitarian philosophers commonly think they deserve punishment? No. Not sharing ethical beliefs about ultimate goals is not, by itself, commonly thought to deserve punishment.
The above is just what we should expect from science because it is the cooperation strategies that need a punishment component to be sustainable. Goals of that cooperation, such as eudemonia, could be sustainable without a punishment component.