# Cell Intelligence in Physiological and Morphological Spaces | Michael Levin

**URL:** <https://forum.centerforinquiry.org/t/cell-intelligence-in-physiological-and-morphological-spaces-michael-levin/10077>\
**Category:** Science and Technology\
**Created:** [January 4, 2023, 8:49pm UTC](https://forum.centerforinquiry.org/t/cell-intelligence-in-physiological-and-morphological-spaces-michael-levin/10077 "2023-01-04T20:49:01Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 1\
**Showing post:** 30

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**Author:** ![write4u](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex019/user_avatar/forum.centerforinquiry.org/write4u/32/23410_2.png) [@write4u](https://forum.centerforinquiry.org/u/write4u)\
**Post date:** [September 15, 2023, 10:29pm UTC](https://forum.centerforinquiry.org/t/cell-intelligence-in-physiological-and-morphological-spaces-michael-levin/10077/30 "2023-09-15T22:29:19Z")

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> [@What makes a funny joke](https://forum.centerforinquiry.org/t/what-makes-a-funny-joke/4342/32):
>
> Something came before hunting most likely.

Motion allowed for hunting and grazing. No joke!

Many single-celled prokaryotes like bacteria and single-celled eukaryotes like the Paramecium developed a propeller system, i.e. flagella and cilia.

 ![image](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex019/uploads/centerforinquiry/original/3X/5/d/5d56455aebadf055970d513ca3276b8b086bbb7b.jpeg)  
_Paramecium or paramecia are single-celled [protists](https://www.livescience.com/54242-protists.html) that are naturally found in aquatic habitats. They are typically oblong or slipper-shaped and are covered with short hairy structures called cilia. Certain paramecia are also easily cultured in labs and serve as useful model organisms (a non-human species used to understand biological processes)._

The single-celled slime mold developed pseudopodiai.e. walking.

 ![image](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex019/uploads/centerforinquiry/original/3X/7/a/7a38d970b7c7b58cca53607925713ad509651f77.jpeg)

and many amoebas.

 ![image](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex019/uploads/centerforinquiry/original/3X/d/7/d7568daa45d725a2f1250b38c87d944a86b08156.jpeg)  
_A **pseudopod** or **pseudopodium** (pl: **pseudopods** or **pseudopodia** ) is a temporary arm-like projection of a [eukaryotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote) [cell membrane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane) that is emerged in the direction of movement. Filled with [cytoplasm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm), pseudopodia primarily consist of [actin filaments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilament) and may also contain [microtubules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule) and [intermediate filaments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_filament).[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopodia#cite_note-Etienne-Manneville2004-1)[[2]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopodia#cite_note-Tang2017-2) Pseudopods are used for [motility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motility) and [ingestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingestion). They are often found in [amoebas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebas)._

The interesting part is that all modes of propulsion are facilitated by microtubules which are present in ALL eukaryotic organisms.

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